Globalisation Has Made The Modern Nation State Irrelevant Essays

Globalisation Has Made The Modern Nation State Irrelevant Essays Globalisation Has Made The Modern Nation State Irrelevant Paper Globalisation Has Made The Modern Nation State Irrelevant Paper Globalisation challenges the state centred set of theories that assume that the nation state is the most powerful organisation in society, and can therefore be used to challenge the idea that there is a single ruling elite because there is no power in society to force the state in a particular direction. A state is a central authority exercising legitimate control over a given territory and which can use political violence against either its own citizens or other states to enforce that control. A nation state is constantly under scrutiny because it has not yet been defined but sociologists are still happy to use the term nation state. However, most sociologists agree that the term nation state refers to any country that can make its own laws, operate its own economy and maintain economic power within its own territory. Nation states also wish to determine their own foreign policy, having their on defence and military capabilities. James Fulcher defines globalisation as the growing integration between of people across the world. There are four main forms that globalisation takes; global communication, global interdependence, global awareness and global organisation. Global communication is used to express the increasing speed of which information, goods and people can be moved around the world, however, it is the capacity of forms of information that can be communicated that has really changed. Global interdependence shows that as different parts of the world are become interlinked, they become more interdependent. This interdependence takes two main forms economic and ecological. : Many poor countries are becoming increasingly dependent on tourists from rich ones, for example, workers in the Caribbean process data for the United States and Europe. This is closely linked to financial dependency because Capitalism is a global issue and every country is dependent on the flow of capital. Ecological interdependence is more complicated as it is and unintended consequence of technical and economic development. Environmental issues effect the whole world, deforestation in one country may not directly affect it but could affect another country. Global warming is mainly due to carbon dioxide emissions from rich countries like the United States but in the end it will be low-lying countries that will suffer when they loose land not the United States. Global awareness is the sense that we all live in one earth, this has been driven by economic and ecological interdependence. Robertson (1992) claims people increasingly see themselves not as members of a community or a nation but as members of humanity, of a single threatened species. This awareness that we live in a global village is supported by global communications because it is bringing people closer together. Global organisations like McDonalds, Ford and Greenpeace are present all over the world and it is not yet clear how big a corporation must be for it to be global. Giddens (1985) supports the idea that nation states can no longer control their own economies and argues that political decisions are no longer taken by the state or governments but that decisions are made through global networks of information exchange, the world capitalist economy and world military order. David Held (1992) follows a Marxist perspective and argues that international bodies like the World Bank reduce the power of the nation states. Massey (1999) argues that multinational corporations have created the myth of globalisation in an attempt to legitimatise economic and social policies that serve in their interests rather than the countrys in which policies originate. International organisations are often thought of as supranational that transfer authority from nation states to international bodies above the nation. They do subject the nation state to some external regulation but this is negotiated by nation state representatives and operates through nation states. The UN is handed power by the supranational corporations and may only use this power when another nation states security is threatened. The UN accepts the sovereignty of the nation states; however, they are dependent on nation states when the military becomes involved. International organisations are composed of nation states, whereas transnational organisations operate outside the nation states, the key feature of a transnational corporation is the movement of money, information, ideas, and people across national boarders. The movement of money seriously limits government policies because money can go anywhere if government policies threaten profits or weaken a currency. Gould (1993) argues that there has been a Japanisation of welfare as European countries cut back on welfare states expenditure in order to compete with Japan, where welfare expenditure is much lower. This transnational migration of labour shows the widening gap between rich and poor countries, meaning that ethnic, cultural and religious diversity is created in the nation states. Naomi Klein argues that women and children living in third world countries and working in free trade zones are extremely exploited and are allowed to be paid less than the real cost of living. Large supranational corporations can turn over more money in one week than some nation states do in a year. For example, the American giant corporation, Wal-Mart, the parent company of ASDA has a weekly turnover of i 4 billion. For a Marxist, globalisation is an extension of capitalism and how capitalism has been promoted throughout the world. They would therefore agree that the nation state has become irrelevant because multinational corporations grow with capitalism and are taking over in every aspect of human life; culture, religion, ethnicity, gender, age and class. Marxists understand that world trade is important and that the division of labour can help every country to grow faster however; the division of labour is established under capitalism and therefore the division of labour is imposed upon the less developed countries. Marx and Engles claim in the Communist Manifesto The bourgeoisie has through its exploitation of the world market given a cosmopolitan character to production and consumption in every country All old-established national industries have been destroyed or are daily being destroyed. In conclusion, we now live in a multi level society that has a global level of organisation but also regional and national levels. Global international agencies reinforce the nation state; global movements only challenge the authority of the nation state and although nation states are loosing some of their autonomy and sovereignty, but that this has been lost because countrys are becoming more regionalised. Castells (1997) argues that subnationalisms and communal resistance by ethnic and religious groups have forced the nation state to decentralise authority and decision making to meet their demands.

Workplace Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Workplace Diversity - Essay Example Therefore, it has developed a need to ensure that individuals understand and accept each other since it is diversity, which has been determined as a necessary factor for the success of a business (Cox, 1991). Thus, diversity in the workplace is essential for the creation of working relationships that are not only productive but also mirror the changing aspect of business where it is the need to develop an understanding of the needs and references of clients. Religious diversity does not often lead to discrimination at the work place (Tanenbaum, 2011). Most of the organizations looks into expertise that will enable the organization to earn profits. However, there are some instances where religious diversity is used as a tool of discrimination. A significant problem in most workplaces in the world is that they often employ those individuals who are from the same religious background, for example, if a Christian owns a business, people from this religion will be given preference over others. Therefore, this should not be the case because, despite the differences in religion, it should be recognized that people are still human beings who can interact with one another to ensure that the business achieves its goals (Harvey 2012, p.51). Moreover, because of religious diversity in the workplace, there is an increase in the possibility that an organization will be able to provide services for individuals across diverse religious background becaus e the organization will have a better understanding of how to handle these individuals.

Not all companies are viewed as equal Research Paper

Not all companies are viewed as equal - Research Paper Example From an economic perspective, free trade not only makes a company successful, but it also creates a competitive market that improves a country’s economy. In comparison to the candy industry, the tobacco industry is unfairly targeted. Candy has constituents such as excess sugar, which are detrimental to human health, similar to tobacco. Candy and its associated products are a leading cause of obesity, and other undesirable lifestyle diseases like diabetes (Goddard, 2012). It is indeed discouraging that the government does not force them to put a warning after their candy advertisements. Although companies do not in any way force consumers to use their products, they have an ethical obligation to protect consumers. I support the candy industry because it is the duty of consumers to monitor their consumption and purchases. Government legislation only exists when the dangers of a product are too profound. Capitalism plays a significant role in corporate decision-making. It is a great engine of development that natures technological advancements, promotes enterprise, and creates wealth. Even so, sometimes capitalism takes a negative turn when creation of wealth overrides moral obligations. Consumption is the solitary aim and purpose of production and this is what the candy industry targets (Quinn, Mujtaba, and Cavico, 2011). Companies go to all lengths to produce desirable and well-packaged candy products that attract children and adults alike. In most business operations, the interests of producers override that of customers. The main aim of production is to make profits, but it should not have superiority over social prosperity or the importance of production for consumption. In the contemporary society, it is possible for a company to cater to both its interest and that of consumers conjointly. Ethical business decision-making demands poise between corporate and social

Pursuit of Happiness Essay Example for Free

Pursuit of Happiness Essay â€Å"Keeping up with the Jones’s†, (Baumgardner Crothers, 2009) is a popular saying in America today, and not far from the truth, concerning the mentality and opinions concerning happiness and well-being. The Declaration of Independence also states the pursuit of happiness is an alienable right (Baumgardner Crothers, 2009). Society today lends opportunities to fulfill anyone’s desires, or dreams, yet as individual’s we are concerned about what other’s think around us. This thought process is evident throughout the American culture today and in history (Baumgardner Crothers, 2009). The concepts of culture and happiness are being compared as individualistic and collectivist (I-C) which provides the basis for over all well-being and what it means to be happy. Research compared two cultures Americans to East Asians and found subjective wellbeing (SWB) to be low in Japan where income trends are high, when compared to Americans. This concept was considered void because the Asian cultures did not measure happiness to self or individuality. Therefore the studies had to be modified. Later reviews revealed that Americans are encouraged to identify and express their unique sense of self as a way to influence and distinguish themselves from others, whereas or in contrast Asians are encouraged to identify and express attributes that behoove the community as a whole to develop self-critical and self-discipline which enables fitting in with others. This concept allows for improvement or enhances decision making that improves the social norm (Baumgardner Crothers, 2009). Because happiness and feeling good about oneself is a part of the American culture, American Parents rear their children to think for themselves and pursue things that make a child happy or feel good about them; this perspective is consistent with subjective well being (SWB), and that happiness is both subjective and individualized; it relates to the development of planning to pursue the things that both express who we are (traits and characteristics), with what separates us from others; uniqueness, and staying true yourself (Baumgardner Crothers, 009). A good example of this would be, a middle income family allowing their children to explore different activities, such as sports, art, or music to find what brings the individual joy, or discover new skills that will eventually lead them to influence others and themselves. It is a hard contrast in the Asian cultural for happiness carries less importance in their culture. Children are encouraged to restrain their emotions, and to fit in with others and take pride in team work (sympathetic relationships, or understanding others perspective and accepting it) â€Å"Children are expected to learn how to adjust themselves to others so as to enhance and maintain harmonious social relationships† (Baumgardner Crothers, 2009). This thinking also can lead to a critical mind set of one self and possibly others. East Asians do not put an emphasis on happiness, life satisfaction or the understanding and pursuit of positive emotions, but believe happiness is fleeting, and one should live a composed life from moment to moment in appreciation. Americans or individualistic cultures place emphasis on positive feelings that are directly related to achievement or accomplishments. It is believed good feelings promote self-esteem, independence, and happiness. A good example would be receiving a scholarship for earning a high GPA. Interestingly enough goal achievement is also important to collective culture or the Asian culture, when asked; research perspective was placed on SWB due to western influences (Baumgardner Crothers, 2009). However both cultures admitted to personal satisfaction, than to please others concerning the pursuit of goals.

Drug Abuse in Canada :: Drug Abuse, Substance Abuse

Drug Abuse in Canada Introduction Drug use and abuse is as old as mankind itself. Human beings have always had a desire to eat or drink substances that make them feel relaxed, stimulated, or euphoric. Wine was used at least from the time of the early Egyptians; narcotics from 4000 B.C.; and medicinal use of marijuana has been dated to 2737 B.C. in China. But it was not until the nineteenth century that the active substances in drugs were extracted. There was a time in history when some of these newly discovered substances, such as morphine, laudanum, cocaine, were completely unregulated and prescribed freely by physicians for a wide variety of ailments. Canada’s Drug of Choice: Marijuana   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Contrary to popular belief the rate of illicit drug use is actually on the decline. The most commonly used drug in Canada is Marijuana. According to the 2004 Canadian Addiction Survey, 44.5% of Canadians surveyed said that that used pot at least once in their lifetime.14.1% reported that they have used marijuana in the past twelve months. Those individuals that have used in the past year varies greatly, with 20.8% not having used at all in the past 3 months, while 204.9% claiming that they have used only once in the past 3 months. 16% reported that they used monthly, 20.3% was weekly, with only 18.1% reporting to be using daily. The province with the highest usage is British Columbia with an average that is significantly higher than the national level, at 52.1%. British Columbia also has the highest past year usage compared to the national average at 16.8%.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As with alcohol, men (50.1%) are more likely than their female counterparts (39.2%) to have used marijuana during their life time. The same sample of men (18.2%) and women (10.2%) have used marijuana in the past year. This is up from 5.7% for men and 2.4% for women in 1993, over three times higher for the men and four times for the women. The younger generations, like men, are more likely to use marijuana, with approximately 70% of those between the ages of 18-24 years old having tired it at least once. The youngest age group sampled, 15-17 years old, almost 30% of them used cannabis in the past year, peaking at 47% with the age group18 & 19 year olds. After this point usage within the past year tends to decline with only 10% of the population surveyed claiming they still use marijuana.

Do Family Friendly Policies Hurt Men?

But as companies add these benefits, some male employees ( and some childless women as well) have complained that the company Is spending money on benefits that flow to some workers at the expense ( at least theoretically) of others. Some men have even complained that fathers don't get assistance with child care or an opportunity to bring their babies to work. In fact, In the united States, companies do have to extend the same benefits to fathers as to mothers (except, of course, that if a mother is disabled after childbirth, she is the one who gets the usability benefit).But men note that it is women who are more likely to use these benefits, even though studies show that men are experiencing more work- life conflict than male workers did a few decades ago. And as more pregnant women stay on the job, the disparity is as obvious as the bulging bellies.The best way to distribute the cost and benefits of flexibility is to offer to every employee that may need it. Also the ones who It d on't need the benefit of flexibility, give them a longer break for lunch or give rewards to keep the employees up to speed. 2. Do employee benefits have to be used equally In order for them to be fair or ethical? Why or why not? If you were In the HER department of a company where some employees were unhappy about this Issue, how would you recommend that the many address It?Now if I understand this right, I believe that if the benefits were equally given to all employees and not just women with children, I believe this would be fair and ethical. Instead of being equally used, I believe all the employees should have access to all the benefits of the company. If I was in the HER department, I would say that all the TTS snow a De offer to can employee. ASK around Ana get ten employees involved and see what is most needed. Finally, find ways that would benefit both men and women.

Themes Of The Bluest Eye - 1871 Words

Analyzing The Bluest Eye In the novel, The Bluest Eye, author Toni Morrison integrates many social and structural forces and themes throughout the story that are central to understanding the character’s experiences. Varying forms of oppression, and issues surrounding gender, race and social class are prevalent in the book, affecting each character in their own way. As the story progresses we gain more insight into the lives of the characters which helps complete the picture of the intersection of the forces of gender, race and class. Each character in the story experiences an interaction between these forces, rather than only experiencing one or the other. Therefore, it is important to note that even though I will be breaking down each†¦show more content†¦The rape is told through Cholly’s perspective and we only get to hear the way he feels and acts. We are neglected Pecola’s point of view and reaction, which shows how male oppression has the ability to mute women. In addition to violence the women and girls experience, the women in this novel engage in horizontal hostility. Horizontal hostility occurs when â€Å"individuals direct the resentment and anger they have about their situation onto those who are of equal or lesser status† (WVFV 63). The women in the novel are oppressed by the men, and instead of responding to the real threat of their oppression, they respond and create oppression against those of the same or lower status—in this case, other women and children. The women gossip about one another and put each other down for characteristics they deem undesirable. Mrs. Breedlove experiences this shortly after moving to Lorain, Ohio with Cholly. Mrs. Breedlove did not seem to fit in with the other black women she met, and they treated her poorly with â€Å"their goading glances and private snickers at her way of talking (saying â€Å"chil’ren) and dressing† (Morrison 118). In this situation, the women are engaging in opp ressive acts against each other. When it comes to their children, the women dominate and oppress them through the use of physical force, such as when Mrs. Breedlove yells at Pecola and slaps her for spilling the pie, or when Mrs. MacTeer whips Claudia, Frieda and Pecola for â€Å"playing nasty.† From theseShow MoreRelatedThe Bluest Eye-Theme of Vision1553 Words   |  7 PagesToni Morrison’s highly acclaimed debut work, The Bluest Eye, is one of unquestionable beauty and intricately woven prose. As a fictional writer, Morrison avails herself of her literary faculties, using her mastery of description in order to convey an unusually lucid picture to the reader. The five senses seem to envelop a great deal of description in the novel, most notably that of sight. As has been discovered by virtue of studying the brain’s neural and cognitive machinery, vision occupies largeRead MoreTheme Of Racism In The Bluest Eye924 Words   |  4 Pages Racism, a word once used sparingly, has today become a part of colloquial speech. Although racism is an epidemic, so is same-race discrimination. In the novel â€Å"The Bluest Eye,† written by Toni Morrison, this idea of same-race discrimination is given the limelight throughout. The novel focuses on the African American community within Lorain, Ohio and the complexities of physical beauty and social status that lean over its residents. A character emphasized for her entitlement and being one who practicesRead More Essay on Themes of House on Mango Street, and The Bluest Eye1602 Words   |  7 PagesDisturbing Themes of House on Mango Street, and The Bluest Eye  Ã‚   Sandra Cisneros was born in Chicago and grew up in Illinois, the only girl in a family of seven. 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A very passive little girl who was lacking self-esteem and parental guidance buys intoRead MoreRacial Prejudice in the Bluest Eye and to Kill a Mockingbird1416 Words   |  6 Pagesintroduced to the theme of racial prejudice through the experiences of the characters Scout and Jem Finch. The story is told from the perspective of Scout. In Toni Morrison’s novel, The Bluest Eye, the reader is also introduced to the theme of racial prejudice through the experiences of Pecola Breedlove and Claudia MacTeer. The story is told through the perspective of Pecola Breedlove, and Claudia MacTeer. Both of the novels show different ways of illustrating the same theme. In the novel ToRead More The Importance of the Eye in Toni Morrisons The Bluest Eye Essay example1221 Words   |  5 PagesThe Importance of the Eye in Toni Morrisons The Bluest Eye      Ã‚  Ã‚   In Toni Morrisons The Bluest Eye, the characters eyes are everything. The word eye appears over and over with rich adjectives that describe color, movement, and nuance of expression to signify a characters mood and psychological state. Morrison emphasizes the paradox of eyes: Eyes are at times a window to enlightenment, however, what eyes see is not always objective truth, but instead a distortion of reality into whatRead MoreAnalysis Of Patricia Collinss Black Feminist Eye1125 Words   |  5 Pagesevolving this theory. In similarity to Collins’ novel, The Bluest Eye, by Toni Morrison, the African American female individuals depicted as the women of color labeled in the novel, Black Feminist Thought. In conjunction with the depicted black women in Collins’ Black Feminist Thought, numerous resources in the class notes can to help define such women of color. The novel, Black Feminist Thought, is better agreed and communicated through the Bluest Eye†™s black female individuals and in class resource notes